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The Malaysia That Instagram Built
Petronas Twin Towers, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

The Malaysia That Instagram Built

The boba tea shop in George Town has a four-hour queue on weekends. It is not, by any meaningful measure, the best boba tea in Penang. It is, however, the most photographed.

This is a distinction that would have been meaningless fifteen years ago and is now, in a city designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site and processed daily through hundreds of thousands of Instagram posts, one of the most commercially significant facts about any food or beverage establishment in the city.

The algorithm and the place

Social media has always shaped tourism. Travel writing shaped it before social media. The difference now is scale, speed, and the particular visual grammar of platforms optimised for images, a grammar that favours certain kinds of beauty (symmetrical, saturated, easily cropped) over others.

Malaysia, a country whose visual diversity does not always conform to global aesthetic templates, has had an interesting relationship with this grammar. Some parts of it photograph exceptionally well, the Twin Towers at dusk, the blue-lit cave temples, the heritage shophouse corridors of George Town and Malacca, and have become fixtures of international travel content. Other parts, equally real and arguably more interesting, do not photograph in the required way and are therefore largely absent from the curated Malaysia that circulates online.

"What people come looking for," a Penang tourism operator told me, "is what they've already seen. If it doesn't match the picture, they're disappointed. Even if what they're looking at is better."

What Malaysians see

The effect is not limited to international tourists. Malaysians increasingly experience their own country through this lens. Domestic travel content has expanded enormously, and with it a kind of recursive tourism: Malaysians photographing places for the pleasure of other Malaysians, who then travel to photograph the same places.

There is nothing wrong with this. People have always recommended places to each other. What is new is the degree to which the recommendation has become entangled with the image, and the image with a particular, flattened idea of what Malaysia is.

The Malaysia that Instagram built is beautiful and partial and slightly exhausting. The Malaysia that exists alongside it, noisier, less photogenic, more contradictory, is harder to find but, for those who look, considerably more interesting.